병해 개요 📝: 토마토 궤양병은 토마토의 줄기와 잎, 열매에 궤양상 상처와 시들음 증상을 일으키는 세균병입니다. 병원균은 주로 Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis로 알려져 있으며, 전 세계 토마토 재배지에 큰 경제적 피해를 줍니다. 초기에는 잎 가장자리가 살짝 갈색으로 마르고 잎맥을 따라 잎과 줄기가 검게 타들어가는 증상이 나타나 마치 햇볕에 데인 듯 보입니다. 새 가지 끝 부분(생장점 부위)이 시들며 한쪽으로 구부러지는 *모양(쉐퍼드 크룩)*이 관찰되고, 잎과 줄기가 점차 갈변 건조되어 식물 전체가 시들 수 있습니다. 줄기를 세로로 잘라보면 관다발(목질부)이 갈색~적갈색으로 변색되어 있고, 마디 부위에는 거무스름한 움푹 팬 병반(궤양)이 형성되기도 합니다. 열매에는 직경 수 mm 정도의 하얀 테두리가 있는 갈색 반점이 나타나는데, 이를 “새눈 반점”이라고 부르며 화상병과 감별되는 특징적인 병징입니다. 이러한 증상들로 인해 토마토 식물은 점차 *시들음(위조)*과 가지 마름을 보이고, 결국 고사하거나 생산량이 급감하게 됩니다.




병 발생 환경 🌦️: 궤양병은 주로 온대지역의 온실 토마토 및 노지 작물에서 발생하며, 봄초여름 개화기 이후에 증상이 두드러집니다. 따뜻하고 습한 조건(약 23~27℃, 상대습도 70% 이상)에서 세균이 빠르게 증식하며, 특히 비바람 또는 우박 등으로 식물에 상처가 생긴 후 발병이 심해집니다. 건조한 날씨에서는 병이 비교적 천천히 진행되지만 잠복상태로 남아 있다가, 일단 장마철처럼 습도가 높고 온난한 날씨가 며칠 지속되면 갑작스럽게 전 식물로 퍼질 수 있습니다. 일반적으로 토마토가 생육후반(꽃과 열매가 맺히는 시기)에 접어들면 감염된 관다발을 통한 *전신 증상(시들음과 가지 마름)*이 나타나며, 잎의 국부적인 증상(잎끝 갈변, 화상 증상)보다 치명적으로 작용합니다. 병원균은 온실 내 보온재나 지주대 등에서도 생존 가능하므로, 시설재배에서는 겨울철이라도 완전히 사라지지 않고 이듬해 이른 시기에 재발할 수 있습니다. 한편, 지상부로 드러난 증상은 보통 개화 후 1-2주 이후에 나타나므로, 저온기 보다는 봄철 기온 상승기에 갑작스레 피해가 드러나는 양상을 보입니다.
감염 경로와 확산 🔄: 토마토 궤양병균은 주로 오염된 종자와 상토를 통해 전파됩니다. 감염된 종자를 파종하면, 싹이 틀 때 새싹의 잎과 줄기로 세균이 침입해 초기 감염을 일으킵니다. 또한 병든 모종을 다른 지역으로 옮기면서 장거리 전파가 일어나기도 합니다. 이차 전염은 주로 비·관수에 의한 튀는 물과 작업도구를 매개로 이루어집니다. 세균은 병든 식물의 잎, 줄기에서 크림색의 점액질(삼출액) 형태로 분비되며, 빗물에 씻겨 내려와 인접한 식물의 상처나 기공으로 침투합니다. 가지치기, 곁순 따기 등의 작업 시에 도구에 세균이 묻어 건강한 식물로 옮겨지는 경우도 매우 흔합니다. 또한 곤충(예: 진딧물, 나방 유충 등)이 줄기나 잎을 갉아먹을 때 세균이 그 상처로 침입할 수 있고, 곤충의 몸표면을 통해 짧은 거리를 이동하기도 합니다. 병원균은 토양 중에서는 오래 생존하지 못하지만, 작물 잔재물의 궤양 부위에서 겨울을 지나 봄철 온도가 오르면 세균이 활성화되어 분비물을 형성합니다. 이것이 비나 접촉에 의해 퍼지면서 2차 감염이 일어납니다. 한 번 식물체 내부로 들어간 세균은 주로 물관(관다발)을 따라 이동하며, 위로는 줄기 끝과 잎자루까지, 아래로는 뿌리 쪽까지 퍼져 전체 식물을 오염시킵니다. 이렇게 전신 감염된 식물은 잎, 줄기, 열매 등 모든 부위에서 세균을 배출하며 새로운 전염원이 됩니다.
병원체의 생활사 ♻️: Clavibacter michiganensis는 그람양성의 간상세균으로 토마토 조직 내에서 천천히 증식하지만, 일단 관다발계에 침입하면 광범위한 위황(wilting)을 유발합니다. 병원균은 포자를 형성하지 않지만 세포벽이 두꺼워 비교적 환경 저항성이 큽니다. 월동기에는 감염된 가지의 궤양 가장자리나 큰 줄기병반에서 세포 밀도를 줄인 채 휴면하고, 이듬해 봄 기온이 18~20℃ 이상 올라가고 습윤해지면 활성을 되찾습니다. 그런 궤양지는 보통 어두운 갈색으로 함몰되고 가장자리 조직에 세균이 남아 있는데, 봄철 습도가 높아지면 표면에 불투명한 회백색 또는 황갈색의 점액(세균 덩어리)을 분비합니다. 이 삼출물은 빗물, 곤충, 작업도구 등을 통해 주변 건강한 조직으로 옮겨지고, 상처나 기공으로 침입하여 새 감염을 일으킵니다. 식물체 내부에서는 세균이 물관을 막고 독소를 내어 식물이 물을 올리지 못하게 하여 시들게 합니다. 부위에 따라 두 가지 형태의 증상이 나타나는데, 전신 감염 시 줄기-관다발 부패와 시들음(위조), 국부 감염 시 잎과 과실의 반점(새눈반점)으로 구분됩니다. 국부 감염만으로는 식물 전체가 죽지는 않지만, 전신 감염이 발생하면 가지에 궤양(깊은 갈색 균열)이 생기고 전체가 시들어 죽습니다. 병원균은 고추, 가지 등 다른 가지과 작물에는 자연 감염이 거의 없으나 인공 접종 시 병을 일으킬 수 있습니다. 따라서 토마토 재배지 인근에서 자라는 잡초나 다른 감수성 식물 관리도 중요합니다.
방제 방법 🛡️: 예방적 방제로는 무병 종자 사용이 최우선입니다. 토마토 궤양병균은 종자를 통해 전세계적으로 전파되므로, 종자 소독(염소계 소독제 처리 등)과 검정을 통해 음성으로 확인된 종자만 파종합니다. 육묘 과정에서는 가능한 무균적 환경을 조성하고, 환기를 충분히 하여 묘 상부에 물방울이 맺히지 않도록 관리합니다. 육묘 시기에 스트렙토마이신 등의 항생제를 살포하여 초기 상재 세균을 억제하는 방법도 쓰입니다. 포장 관리로는 토마토 정식 전에 토양을 소독하거나, 최소 2년 이상의 윤작(곡류나 비감수성 작물 심기)을 통해 토양 내 잔류 세균을 감소시킵니다. 발병 예방을 위해 작물 상처 내지 않기도 중요합니다. 바람에 의한 줄기 상처를 줄이기 위해 지주시설을 견고히 하고, 곁순 제거 등 작업은 마른 날에 실시하며, 작업 도구는 수시로 소독합니다. 만약 일부 식물에서 궤양병 의심 증상이 보이면 즉시 그 개체를 뽑아 제거하고 주변 토양도 석회염소액 등으로 소독하여 번짐을 막습니다. 화학적 방제는 제한적이지만, 구리 함유 살균제와 항생제의 혼용 살포가 어느 정도 예방 효과를 냅니다. 개화기 전후로 구리살균제+만코제브 등을 살포하여 세균의 증식을 억제하고, 발생 초기에 옥시테트라사이클린 제제나 스트렙토마이신을 제한적으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 그러나 항생제 사용은 내성균 문제와 규제로 인해 주의가 필요합니다. 위생 관리: 수확 후 병든 식물의 잔재를 철저히 제거 및 소각하여 월동 전염원을 없앱니다. 특히 궤양이 생긴 가지나 줄기는 확실히 없애야 이듬해 재감염을 줄일 수 있습니다. 하우스 내 토양의 경우 태양열 소독(투명비닐 피복 6~8주)이나 스팀 소독을 실시하면 잔류 세균 밀도를 낮출 수 있습니다. 또한 이병 포장의 관수용 물을 다른 포장에 사용하지 않도록 구분하고, 작업복과 장갑도 철저히 세척하여 세균을 옮기지 않도록 합니다. 이런 종합적인 방제전략을 통해 치명적인 토마토 궤양병의 피해를 최소화할 수 있습니다.
참고문헌 및 링크 📖 :
- 농촌진흥청 블로그 자료 : https://blog.naver.com/nihhs
- 팜&마켓 : farmnmarket.com
- Morton Arboretum 식물병해 자료 : mortonarb.org
- UC IPM Tomato Bacterial Canker : https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/tomato/bacterial-canker/#gsc.tab=0
Bacterial Canker / Tomato / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM)
Symptoms and Signs There are usually no symptoms of bacterial canker on seedlings; however, on young plants symptoms consist of poor growth and temporary wilting of branches. Lower leaves yellow and shrivel, but symptoms may not show until flowering. On ma
ipm.ucanr.edu
- Pacific Northwest Pest Handbook : pnwhandbooks.org
태그 🏷️: #토마토 #세균성궤양병 #Clavibacter #세균병 #가지과작물
Disease Overview 📋: Tomato bacterial canker is a severe systemic bacterial disease of tomatoes caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm). It is known for causing vascular wilt, stem cankers, and “bird’s-eye” spotting on fruit. Early symptoms on foliage may be subtle: leaves can develop marginal chlorosis and browning (often along one side or in a V-shape from the edge). Infected young shoots often wilt and curl downward in a characteristic “shepherd’s crook” shape. As the infection becomes systemic, leaves turn brown or black but tend to remain attached, giving the plant a scorched appearance (hence the name “fire blight” is sometimes mistakenly applied, though the pathogen is different). Brown, desiccated leaves and wilting stems are hallmark signs; when multiple shoots are infected, the entire plant can appear as if burned by fire. Cutting open an infected stem reveals brown discoloration of the vascular tissue (xylem). Dark streaks may be visible externally on stems, which can later crack and form elongated, corky cankers especially at leaf nodes. On green fruit, the disease causes small (1–3 mm) raised pimples that are brown with persistent white halos – the classic “bird’s eye spots” unique to bacterial canker. These fruit lesions do not rot deeply but render the fruit unmarketable. Bacterial canker can kill seedlings outright, and in older plants it often causes progressive wilt and dieback; affected tomato plants may either collapse rapidly or linger with reduced vigor and yield. This disease is considered economically devastating and has a global distribution in tomato-growing regions.
Occurrence Environment 🌦️: Bacterial canker tends to occur in temperate regions and is problematic in both greenhouse and field tomatoes. The pathogen is favored by moderate to warm temperatures (around 23–27 °C) and high humidity. Conditions that injure plants, such as hailstorms, high winds, or heavy rain, often precede outbreaks. For example, an early summer hail event can create wounds that the bacteria exploit, leading to widespread infection. Greenhouse conditions with warm, humid days and nights can also promote disease development (especially if ventilation is inadequate). The disease can appear at any growth stage, but serious symptoms usually manifest after flowering and fruit set, when plants are larger and the pathogen has had time to invade the vascular system. During periods of cool weather, Cmm may remain latent within the plant or cause only mild, localized symptoms (like leaf edge spots). However, once weather turns warmer and more humid, the bacteria proliferate and systemic symptoms (wilting, cankers) become evident. In many cases, growers first notice the disease when one or two plants show wilting of upper leaves and brown streaks on stems in mid-season, then it rapidly spreads. Because tomato bacterial canker is difficult to eradicate once established on a farm, it often recurs annually if sources of the bacteria persist in the environment or planting material.
Transmission and Spread 🔄: The primary source of bacterial canker is infected seed. Cmm is a notorious seed-borne pathogen; even symptomless seeds can carry the bacteria beneath the seed coat. When such seeds are sown, the emerging seedlings develop infection that may go unnoticed until later stages. This is a key long-distance dissemination mechanism, as contaminated seed or infected transplants can introduce Cmm to new regions or greenhouses. Once bacteria are present in a crop, they spread via water movement, contact, and tools. Splashing rain and overhead irrigation can wash bacteria from an infected plant’s lesions onto neighboring plants (the bacteria enter through small wounds or natural openings). Pruning and tying operations are high-risk activities: cutting tools, stakes, or hands that touch oozing canker lesions can carry sticky bacterial exudate and inoculate healthy plants, especially if not disinfected between cuts. Insects are not major vectors, but chewing insects or those that create wounds (such as beetles or hornworms) can facilitate entry of the bacteria, and any insect that walks over bacterial ooze could mechanically transfer some cells to another plant. The bacteria can also spread through contaminated soil water: for instance, drainage water from an infested greenhouse could carry the pathogen to adjacent fields if reused for irrigation (Cmm cells can survive in water films for some time). Inside the plant, Cmm moves systemically through the xylem vessels, spreading upwards into new shoots and occasionally downward to roots. Systemically infected tomatoes become a reservoir throughout – their leaves, stems, and fruits all harbor high bacterial populations and can ooze bacteria under humid conditions. End-of-season, the bacteria survive in infected plant debris (especially in woody stem cankers) and in any volunteer or solanaceous weed hosts present. Unlike many soil-borne pathogens, Cmm does not survive well free in soil once plant material decays ; however, it can persist at canker margins on debris for many months, even through winter freezes, especially if protected within plant tissue or biofilms on surfaces.
Pathogen Life Cycle ♻️: Clavibacter michiganensis is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium. It does not form spores or motile structures, relying on passive movement via water or human activity. The bacterium’s life cycle on a farm often starts with infested seed or transplants. After infection of a host plant, Cmm has an incubation period that can range from a week to over a month depending on conditions. The pathogen multiplies within vascular tissues, which allows it to spread without immediately killing the host (giving it a “stealth phase”). During this phase, a plant might not show symptoms while the bacteria colonize stems internally. As bacterial populations increase, they begin to clog the xylem and produce extracellular enzymes and toxins, resulting in the wilting and canker formation. When environmental conditions are moist (humidity above ~85% or after rain), infected tissues produce exudates – these are creamy, opaque droplets of bacterial cells mixed with host sap that emerge from cracks or stomata in infected areas. This ooze is rich in inoculum for secondary spread. If conditions are dry, the bacteria may remain largely within the plant with little external sign until favorable conditions return. On fruits, infection usually occurs through the calyx or other small wounds, leading to the distinctive bird’s-eye lesions. Interestingly, in greenhouse crops, it’s common that systemic infections do not produce those fruit spots (as observed, e.g., greenhouse tomatoes often wilt from canker without bird’s-eye fruit lesions
), whereas field infections frequently show them – this difference is likely due to varying humidity and contact events that occur in field settings (wind-driven rain) versus controlled environments. As the crop cycle ends, the bacteria retreat into a survival mode on crop residues or surfaces. They can overwinter at the edges of old stem cankers (the interface of healthy and diseased tissue). With spring warmth and moisture, these overwintering bacteria resume activity, producing ooze that starts the infection cycle anew on newly planted tomatoes. Thus, without interventions, the life cycle continues from year to year via seed or local overwintering, making bacterial canker a persistent threat.
Control Methods 🛡️: Bacterial canker of tomato is considered one of the most challenging diseases to control. Exclusion and prevention are critical: Start with certified disease-free seed or transplants. Seed lots can be tested via PCR or grown out in a bioassay to ensure they are free of Cmm. Seed treatments (such as hydrochloric acid or calcium hypochlorite soaks) can reduce bacterial load but may not guarantee complete eradication; still, they are recommended for high-risk seed. If producing your own transplants, use sterile potting mix and new or thoroughly disinfected trays. Implement strict sanitation in the greenhouse: workers should wash hands and foot dips should be used to prevent bringing in the bacterium. Monitoring: Scout seedlings and young plants regularly for any suspicious symptoms (unilateral leaflet wilt, stem discoloration). If discovered early, rogue out diseased plants and a buffer of surrounding plants. Cultural controls: Practice crop rotation – avoid planting tomatoes (or related crops like peppers) in the same soil for at least 2–3 years (longer rotations of a decade or more were historically recommended for Fusarium wilt, but for bacterial canker a few years may suffice if combined with other measures). Remove volunteer tomato plants and solanaceous weeds (like nightshade or ground cherry) which could harbor the pathogen. Manage the environment: In greenhouses, reduce leaf wetness by adjusting watering schedules and humidity; in fields, avoid working in plants when they are wet. Wound prevention: Use windbreaks to reduce stem injuries from wind, and be gentle during pruning/tying operations. Sterilize pruning knives or shears frequently (ideally between every plant) using 10% bleach or 70% alcohol. Some growers dip tools in milk or iodine solutions, which can help neutralize the bacteria on tools. Chemical control: Unfortunately, once plants are systemically infected, chemical sprays have limited effect because the bacteria reside inside the vascular tissues. However, preventive applications can help protect healthy plants from external infection. Copper-based bactericides (copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, etc.) tank-mixed with mancozeb have been used to reduce surface contamination. Antibiotics like streptomycin or oxytetracycline can be effective in greenhouse settings (often applied to seedlings) but their use is restricted in many countries and continuous use can lead to resistant bacterial strains. If antibiotics are allowed, they are typically applied during the early bloom period to protect blossoms from infection. Sanitation and cleanup: Immediately after harvesting a tomato crop, remove all plant debris. In greenhouse operations, physically remove vines, then disinfect the structure. For soil, consider soil solarization (covering moist soil with clear plastic during the hottest weeks) or steam sterilization in greenhouse beds to kill residual bacteria. Do not compost infected tomato debris unless you are certain the pile will reach high temperatures, as Cmm can survive in dried stem pieces. Clean all stakes, ties, and cages with a disinfectant or consider using new ones in the next crop. If an area had a severe outbreak, designate that area and equipment as contaminated and avoid moving them to clean fields. Some operations leave an infested greenhouse empty (fallow) for a season and maintain it dry to help reduce bacterial survival. Resistant varieties: Unlike some other tomato diseases, there are no commercially available tomato varieties fully resistant to bacterial canker. However, research is ongoing; until then, reliance is on management practices. By rigorously implementing these measures – starting with clean seed, minimizing wounds and contact spread, spraying protectants, and sanitizing equipment – growers can greatly reduce the incidence of bacterial canker. However, because of the disease’s severity, even a small breakdown in protocol can lead to significant losses, so vigilance is required at all stages of production.
References & Links 📖 :
- RDA (Korea) blog on fire blight vs. canker : https://blog.naver.com/nihhs
- Morton Arboretum Plant Clinic guide : mortonarb.org
- UC IPM Tomato Bacterial Canker : https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/tomato/bacterial-canker/#gsc.tab=0
Bacterial Canker / Tomato / Agriculture: Pest Management Guidelines / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM)
Symptoms and Signs There are usually no symptoms of bacterial canker on seedlings; however, on young plants symptoms consist of poor growth and temporary wilting of branches. Lower leaves yellow and shrivel, but symptoms may not show until flowering. On ma
ipm.ucanr.edu
- Pacific Northwest Pest Handbook : pnwhandbooks.org
Tags 🏷️: #Tomato #BacterialCanker #Clavibacter #BacterialDisease #Solanaceae
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